Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrival of information.

• The Memory Process
• Encoding: the processing information into the memory system.
• Storage: the retention of encoded material over time.
• Retrieval: the process of getting the information out of memory storage.
• Recall vs. Recognition
• Recall: retrieve information from your memory.
• Recognition: identify the target from possible target.
• Flashbulb Memory: a clear moment of an emotionally significant moment of event.
• Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory: the incited requiring of sensory information in the memory system. Stored just for an instant and gets process the last half of second of visual. It last 2-4 seconds of auditory then the capacity of story is large and if energy is transferred, information is lost.
• Short-term Memory: memory that holds a few items briefly seven digits (plus or minus two).
  Working Memory: audio and visual both control where your attention lies.
• Long-term Memory: a permanent and limitless storage house.
  Encoding: getting information in our information.
  

• Two Ways to Encode Information
• Automatic Processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information.
• Effortful Processing: encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
• Things to remember about Encoding:
1. The Next-in-Line Effect: we seldom remember what there person has just said or sone if we are nest.
2. Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep; well-remembered.
3. Taped if played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.
• Spacing Effect: we encode better when we study or practice over time.
• Serial Positioning Effect: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
• Types of Encoding:
• Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words.
• Acoustic Encoding: the enforcing of sound, especially the sounds of words.
• Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
• Self-Referent Effect: the idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.
• Tricks to Encode
• Imagery: mental pictures
• Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often it will occur automatically.

Storage

• Iconic Memory: a mementary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photograph like quality lasting only about a second. We also have an echoic memory for auditory stimuli.
• Storing Memories
  Long Term-Potentiation: long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.
• The Hippocampus: damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
  Left=Verbal
  Right=Visual and Location
• Types of Retrieval Failure
• Proactive Interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
• Retroactive Interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.