Learning

• Associative Learning: learning that certain events occur together. Initial stage of learning.
• Main Types of Learning:
• Classical Conditioning: it all started with Ivan Pavlov
• Operant Conditioning
• Observational learning
• Latent learning
• Abstract learning
• Insight learning
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
• Unconditioned Response (UCR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.
• Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

• Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition: the phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the USC so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS).
• Extinction: the diminishing of a CR. Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS.
• Spontaneous Recovery: the reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.
• Generalization: the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.
• Discrimination: the learning ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.
• Operant Conditioning: a type of learning which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.
• Classical v. Operant
• They both use acquisition, discrimination, SR, generalization, and extinction.
• Classical Conditioning is automatic. Dogs automatically salivate over near, then bell-no thinking involve.
• Operant Conditioning involves behavior where one can influence their environment with behaviors which has consequences.
• Edward Thorndike
• Law of Effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur.
• Shaping: a procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.
• Reinforcer: any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows. Positive and Negative.
• Positive: Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response.
• Negative: Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus.
• Primary Reinforcer: an innately reinforcing stimulus.
• Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer: a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
• Continuous Reinforcement: reinforcing the desired response ever time it occurs.
• Partial Reinforcement: reinforcing a response only part of the time. The acquisition process is slower. Greater resistance to extinction.
• Fixed-ratio Schedule: a schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
• Variable-ratio Schedule: a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
• Fixed-interval Schedule: a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed.
• Variable-interval Schedule: a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
• Punishment: meant to decrease a behavior
• Positive: addition of something unpleasant.
• Negative: removal of something pleasant.
• Token Economy: every time a desired behavior is performed, a token is given.
• Observational Learning: we learn through modeling behavior from others.
  Observational Learning + Operant Conditioning = Social Learning Theory
• Latent Learning: sometimes learning is not immediately evident.
• Insight Learning: some animals lear through the "ah ha" experience.