Parenting Styles

• Authoritarian Parents: they have strict standards for children behavior.
• Permissive Parents: they allow freedom, lax parenting, and don't enforce rules.
• Authoritative Parents: they set reasonable standards and encourage independence.

Stage Theorist

• Sigmund Freud: we all have a libido (sexual drive). Our libido travels to different areas of our body through out our development.
• Oral Stage (0-1): seek pleasure through our mouths. Psychological task: weaning.
• Anal Stage (1-3): libido is focused on controlling waste and expelling waste. Psychological task: toilet training
• Phallic Stage (3-6): children first recognize their gender.
• Latency Stage (6-11): libido is hidden.
• Genital Stage (11 and up): libido is focused on their genitals. Experience sexual feelings toward others.
• Kohlberg's theory of moral development
• Pre-conventional morality (0-6): Morality based on rewards and punishments.
• Conventional morality (7-11): Look at morality based on how others see you.
• Post-conventional morality (12-Up): Based on self-defined ethical principles.
• Criticisms of Kohlberg: Carol Gilligan pointed out that Kohlberg only tested boys. Boys tend to have a more absolute value of morality.
• Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
• Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1): care givers who reliably meet the infant's needs foster a sense of trust in others.
• Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1-3): Reasonable limits by caregivers lead to a basic sense of independence in exploring the world.
• Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6): Child has a sense of purpose and is able to initiate play and reach goals without violating the rights of others.
• Industry(Competence) vs. Inferiority (6-12): Child develops a sense of competence and accomplishment.
• Identity vs. Role Confusion (Teens): Individual achieves a stable sense of identity and makes realistic plans for adult life.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult): Individual establishes meaningful and satisfying close relationships.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (Mid-Adult): Individual attains a sense that he or she is making useful contributions to the world and the future through family and work activities.
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adult): Individual looks at like and decides that it has been meaningful and satisfying.
• Adolescence: the transition period from childhood to adulthood.
• Puberty: the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
• Primary Sexual Characteristics: body structure that make reproduction possible.
• Second Sexual Characteristics: non-reproductive sexual characteristics.
• Landmarks for Puberty: menarche for girls. First ejacuation for boys.
• Adulthood: all physical abilities essentially peak by our mid twenties.
• Physical Milestones: menopause- the natural ending of a woman's ability to reproduce. Men do not experience anything like menopause.
• Types of Intelligence:
• Crystallized Intelligence: accumulated knowledge. Increases with age.
• Fluid Intelligence: ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly