Motivation and Emotion

Motivation: a psychological process that directs and maintains your behavior toward a goal. Motives are the needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel or drive people in certain directions.

• Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.
• Biological Motives
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Sleep
• Social Motives
• Achievement
• Order
• Play
• Autonomy
• Affiliation
• Drive Theory: Biological internal motivation (homeostasis)
• Incentive Theory: Environmental motivation (not as much homeostasis, more outside factor)
• Drive-Reduction Theory: When individuals experience a need or drive, they're motivated to reduce that need or drive.

Biological Basis of Hunger: Hunger does not come from our stomach. It comes from our brain, they Hypothalamus

• Why do I feel hungry? 
• Glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood. Provides the major source of energy for body tissue. Glucose low=hungry, Glucose high=feel full
• Lateral Hypothalamus: when simulated it makes you hungry. When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus: when simulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again.
• Environmental Factors
  1. Availability of food
  2. Learned preference and habits
  3. Stress
• Set Point Theory: the hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. Wants to maintain a stable weight. Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.

Eating Disorders

• Bulimia Nervosa: characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).
• Anorexia Nervosa: starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight.
• Obesity: severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues.

Achievement Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivators: rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
• Extrinsic Motivators: reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc.) Work great in the short run.
• Over Justification Effect: promising a reward for doing something you like to do results in you seeking the rewards as the motivation for performing the task.

Management Theory

• Theory X: managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment.
• Theory Y: managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.

Emotion: a response of the whole organism
Physiological arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience

• James-Lange Theory of Emotion: experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
• Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion: emotion-arousig stimuli simultaneously trigger:
• physiological responses
• subjective experience of emotion
• Schachter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion: to experience emotion one must:
• be physically aroused
• cognitively label the arousal
• Emotion-Lie Detectors
• Polygraph: machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies. Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
• Perspiration
• Cardiovascular
• Breathing changes
• Amygdala: a neural key to fear learning

Experienced Emotion

• Catharsis
• emotional release
• catharsis hypothesis: "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
• Feel-good, do good phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: tendency to form judgements relative to a "neutral" level
• brightness of lights
• volume of sound
• level of income
• Relative Deprivation: perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.